Dyspnoi | |
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Ischyropsalis hellwigii (Panzer, 1794), photo Copyright © Ulla N., from fotocommunity [1] | |
Order |
|
Suborder |
Dyspnoi |
Diversity |
386 spp |
The Dyspnoi are a suborder of harvestmen, with about 40 genera, and about 370 described species.
Several fossil species are known, including two extinct families.
The superfamilies Ischyropsalidoidea and Troguloidea are monophyletic. However, the families Sabaconidae and Ceratolasmatidae were not; amongst other inconsistencies, Taracus (Sabaconidae) was a sister group to Hesperonemastoma (Ceratolasmatidae). This has been corrected by Giribet et al. (2010).
Distribution[]
The Dyspnoi are one of the most conserved biogeographically conserved higher groups of harvestmen. Few occur in the Southern Hemisphere, and most families are restricted along temperate regions. The exceptions are some Ortholasmatinae (Nemastomatidae) inhabiting the tropics on high mountains in Mexico (Ortholasma bolivari) and northern Thailand (Dendrolasma angka); and species of Acropsopilionidae occuring in Australia, Chile and South Africa. Some Troguloidea were also found in tropical regions during the Cretaceous.[1]
Included subtaxa[]
Fossil incertae sedis[]
- † Ameticos Garwood et. al., 2011
- † Echinopustulatus Dunlop, 2004
Acropsopilionoidea Roewer, 1923[]
- Acropsopilionidae Roewer, 1923 (3 genera, 20 species)
- †Halithersidae (fossil, 1 genus, 1 species)
Ischyropsalidoidea[]
- Ischyropsalididae (1 genus, 39 species)
- Sabaconidae (1 genus, 35 species, 4 subspecies)
- Taracidae (3 genera, 14 species)
Troguloidea[]
- Dicranolasmatidae (1 genus, 18 species)
- † Eotrogulidae Petrunkevitch, 1955 (fossil, 1 genus, 1 species)
- Nemastomatidae (20 genera, 198 species)
- † Nemastomoididae (fossil: 1 genus, 3 species)
- Nipponopsalididae (1 genus, 4 species)
- Trogulidae (7 genera, 48 species)
External links[]
Schönhofer & Hedin, excellent Tree of Life Article. [2]
Dyspnoi Classification |
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Incertae sedis | ||
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Not assigned to family | †Ameticos | †Echinopustulatus |
Superfamily Acropsopilionoidea | ||
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Family Acropsopilionidae | Acropsopilio | Austropsopilio | Caddella | |
Family †Halithersidae | †Halitherses |
Superfamily Ischyropsalidoidea | ||
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Family Ischyropsalididae | ||
Subfamily Ceratolasmatinae | Acuclavella | Ceratolasma | |
Subfamily Ischyropsalidinae | Ischyropsalis | |
Family Sabaconidae | Sabacon | |
Family Taracidae | Crosbycus | Hesperonemastoma | Taracus |
Superfamily Troguloidea | ||
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Family Dicranolasmatidae | Dicranolasma | |
Family †Eotrogulidae | †Eotrogulus | |
Family Nemastomatidae
|
Subfamily Nemastomatinae | Acromitostoma |
Carinostoma | Caucnemastoma | Centetostoma | Giljarovia | Hadzinia | Histricostoma | Mediostoma | Mitostoma | Nemaspela | Nemastoma | Nemastomella | Paranemastoma | Pyza | Saccarella | Starengovia | Vestiferum |
Subfamily Ortholasmatinae | Cladolasma | Dendrolasma | Martensolasma | Ortholasma | Trilasma | |
Family †Nemastomoididae | †Nemastomoides | |
Family Nipponopsalididae | Nipponopsalis | |
Family Trogulidae | Anarthrotarsus | Anelasmocephalus | Calathocratus | Kofiniotis | Trogulus |